Volume 2, Issue 3 (Summer 2021)
J Vessel Circ 2021, 2(3): 105-114 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Khodadi J, Balzadeh H, Heidari A, Assi M H, Amiri Q, Noori E. Epidemiological Study of AIDS in Qom Province, Iran. J Vessel Circ 2021; 2 (3) :105-114
URL: http://jvessels.muq.ac.ir/article-1-109-en.html
URL: http://jvessels.muq.ac.ir/article-1-109-en.html
Javad Khodadi1 
, Hoda Balzadeh2 , Akram Heidari3 , Mohammad Hossein Assi * 2, Qasem Amiri1 , Enayatollah Noori2
, Hoda Balzadeh2 , Akram Heidari3 , Mohammad Hossein Assi * 2, Qasem Amiri1 , Enayatollah Noori2
1- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Kamkar-Arabnia Educational and Medical Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
2- Faculty of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Science and Health Services, Qom, Iran.
3- Department of Social and Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Spiritual Health Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
2- Faculty of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Science and Health Services, Qom, Iran.
3- Department of Social and Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Spiritual Health Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
Abstract: (987 Views)
Background and Aim: Unfortunately, AIDS has high morbidity and mortality due to its easy transmission, secrecy, severe complications, and no definitive treatment. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of HIV in Qom Province, Iran.
Materials and Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was performed on patients with AIDS referred to the Behavioral Diseases Counseling Clinic in Qom Province from its opening until the first half of 2019. Sampling was done by census and reviewing all registered files in this clinic. The inclusion criteria were completed files of all patients. However, records of patients who were incomplete or had other sexually transmitted diseases and neurological disorders were excluded from the study. After data collection, the files were entered in SPSS software, version 22.
Results: A total of 612 patients were studied in this study. The mean age of the patients was 36.63±9.41 (±SD) years. Also, 523 patients were males (85.5%), and 89 were females (14.5%). The numbers (percentages) of single, divorced, and widows people were 217 (39.6%), 89 (16.2%), and 12 (2.2%), respectively. Most people (221 people, 42.5%) had primary education, and only 3 (0.6%) had a bachelor’s degree. Most of them lived in urban areas (501, 97.9%) and were unemployed (323, 58.7%). Also, 403 (83.4%) had a history of addiction, 392 (95.7%) were injecting drug users, 345 (95%) had a history of injection among injecting drug users, 277 (66.1%) had extramarital sex, 245 (96.1%) had several sexual intercourses, 26 (10.4%) used condom, and 18 patients (7.8%) had an infected child. The number of HIV-infected people in Qom until 2012 was about 477 people, which comprised 0.041% of the province’s population (1151672 people the population of this province according to the 2011 census registered in the Statistics Center of Iran).
Conclusion: According to the study findings and the national statistics regarding the change of the primary method of transmission from injection to sex from 1997 to 2013 in Qom Province, we can conclude that Qom Province is also moving towards changing the main method of transmission from drug injection to sexual transmission.
Materials and Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was performed on patients with AIDS referred to the Behavioral Diseases Counseling Clinic in Qom Province from its opening until the first half of 2019. Sampling was done by census and reviewing all registered files in this clinic. The inclusion criteria were completed files of all patients. However, records of patients who were incomplete or had other sexually transmitted diseases and neurological disorders were excluded from the study. After data collection, the files were entered in SPSS software, version 22.
Results: A total of 612 patients were studied in this study. The mean age of the patients was 36.63±9.41 (±SD) years. Also, 523 patients were males (85.5%), and 89 were females (14.5%). The numbers (percentages) of single, divorced, and widows people were 217 (39.6%), 89 (16.2%), and 12 (2.2%), respectively. Most people (221 people, 42.5%) had primary education, and only 3 (0.6%) had a bachelor’s degree. Most of them lived in urban areas (501, 97.9%) and were unemployed (323, 58.7%). Also, 403 (83.4%) had a history of addiction, 392 (95.7%) were injecting drug users, 345 (95%) had a history of injection among injecting drug users, 277 (66.1%) had extramarital sex, 245 (96.1%) had several sexual intercourses, 26 (10.4%) used condom, and 18 patients (7.8%) had an infected child. The number of HIV-infected people in Qom until 2012 was about 477 people, which comprised 0.041% of the province’s population (1151672 people the population of this province according to the 2011 census registered in the Statistics Center of Iran).
Conclusion: According to the study findings and the national statistics regarding the change of the primary method of transmission from injection to sex from 1997 to 2013 in Qom Province, we can conclude that Qom Province is also moving towards changing the main method of transmission from drug injection to sexual transmission.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
hematology
Received: 2021/07/19 | Accepted: 2021/09/18 | Published: 2021/07/1
Received: 2021/07/19 | Accepted: 2021/09/18 | Published: 2021/07/1
References
1. Guo W, Ming F, Dong Y, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Mo P, et al. A survey for COVID-19 among HIV/AIDS patients in two districts of Wuhan, China [Internet]. 2020. [Updted 2020 March 4]. Available from: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3550029 [DOI:10.2139/ssrn.3550029] [DOI:10.2139/ssrn.3550029]
2. Moradi G, Khoshravesh S, Hosseiny M. [Situation of linkage between sexual and reproductive health and HIV-related Policies in Islamic Republic of Iran - a rapid assessment in 2011-2 (Persian)]. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015; 4(3):131-6. [DOI:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.30] [PMID] [PMCID] [DOI:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.30]
3. Nasirian M, Doroudi F, Gooya MM, Sedaghat A, Haghdoost AA. [Modeling of human immunodeficiency virus modes of transmission in Iran (Persian)]. J Res Health Sci. 2012; 12(2):81-7. [PMID]
4. Shekholeslami NZ, Rezaeian M. [Rafsanjan AIDS clinic 1996-2005: Problems faced and solutions found (Persian)]. East Mediterr Health J. 2009; 15(4):1036-9. [PMID] [DOI:10.26719/2009.15.4.1036]
5. Emmanuel F, Salim M, Akhtar N, Arshad S, Reza TE. Second-generation surveillance for HIV/AIDS in Pakistan: Results from the 4th round of integrated behavior and biological survey 2011-2012. Sex Transm Infect. 2013; 89(Suppl 3):iii23-8. [DOI:10.1136/sextrans-2013-051161] [PMID] [PMCID] [DOI:10.1136/sextrans-2013-051161]
6. Haghdoost AA, Mostafavi E, Mirzazadeh A, Navadeh S, Feizzadeh A, Fahimfar N, et al. [Modelling of HIV/AIDS in Iran up to 2014 (Persian)]. J AIDS HIV Res. 2011; 3(12):231-9. [Link] [DOI:10.5897/JAHR11.030]
7. Badakhshan A, Arab M, Rashidian A, Gholipour M, Mohebbi E, Zendehdel K. [Systematic review of priority setting studies in health research in the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian)]. East Mediterr Health J. 2018; 24(8):753-69. [DOI:10.26719/2018.24.8.753] [PMID] [DOI:10.26719/2018.24.8.753]
8. Amin-Esmaeili M, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Haghdoost AA, Mohraz M. [Evidence of HIV epidemics among non-injecting drug users in Iran: A systematic review (Persian)]. Addiction. 2012; 107(11):1929-38. [DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03926.x] [PMID] [DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03926.x]
9. Zarei E, Khabiri R, Tajvar M, Nosratnejad S. [Knowledge of and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS among Iranian women (Persian)]. Epidemiol Health. 2018; 40:e2018037. [DOI:10.4178/epih.e2018037] [PMID] [PMCID] [DOI:10.4178/epih.e2018037]
10. Aggarwal A, Panat SR. Knowledge, attitude, and behavior in managing patients with HIV/AIDS among a group of Indian dental students. J Dent Educ. 2013; 77(9):1209-17. [PMID] [DOI:10.1002/j.0022-0337.2013.77.9.tb05594.x]
11. Khalili M, Mirzazadeh A, Chegeni M, Abedi L, Rajaei L, Ardalan G, et al. Prevalence of high-risk sexual behavior among Iranian young people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2020; 119:105526. [DOI:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105526] [DOI:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105526]
12. Biesma RG, Brugha R, Harmer A, Walsh A, Spicer N, Walt G. The effects of global health initiatives on country health systems: A review of the evidence from HIV/AIDS control. Health Policy Plan. 2009; 24(4):239-52. [DOI:10.1093/heapol/czp025] [PMID] [PMCID] [DOI:10.1093/heapol/czp025]
13. Wolfe D, Malinowska-Sempruch K. Illicit drug policies and the global HIV epidemic: Effects of UN and national government approaches. New York: IHRD; 2004. https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/uploads/1aaf4827e-44ec-.pdf
14. Haghgoo SM, Joula H, Mohammadzadeh R, Sabour S, Yousefi R, Ghahramani G, et al. Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in the east Azerbaijan province, northwest of Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2015; 8(8):e19766. [DOI:10.5812/jjm.19766v2] [PMID] [PMCID] [DOI:10.5812/jjm.19766v2]
15. Ainsworth M, Teokul W. Breaking the silence: Setting realistic priorities for AIDS control in less-developed countries. Lancet. 2000; 356(9223):55-60. [DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02440-5] [PMID] [DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02440-5]
16. Fauci A, Jameson JL, Kasper D, Hauser SL, Loscalzo J, Longo D. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. New York:McGraw Hill; 2018. [Link]
17. Bell R, Glinianaia SV, Tennant PWG, Bilous RW, Rankin J. Peri-conception hyperglycaemia and nephropathy are associated with risk of congenital anomaly in women with pre-existing diabetes: Apopulation-based cohort study. Diabetologia. 2012; 55(4):936-47. [DOI:10.1007/s00125-012-2455-y] [PMID] [DOI:10.1007/s00125-012-2455-y]
18. Denue BA, Kida IM, Hammagabdo A, Dayar A, Sahabi MA. Prevalence of anemia and immunological markers in HIV-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy in northeastern Nigeria. Infect Dis (Auckl). 2013; 6:25-33. [DOI:10.4137/IDRT.S10477] [PMID] [PMCID] [DOI:10.4137/IDRT.S10477]
19. Garcia de Olalla P, Molas E, Barberà MJ, Martín S, Arellano E, Gosch M, et al. Effectiveness of a pilot partner notification program for new HIV cases in Barcelona, Spain. PLoS One. 2015; 10(4):e0121536. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0121536] [PMID] [PMCID] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0121536]
20. Tan PN, Chawla S, Ho CK, Bailey J, editors. Advances in knowledge discovery and data mining, part II. Paper presenred at: 16th pacific-Asia conference, PAKDD. May 29-June 1 2012; KualaLumpur, Malaysia. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-30220-6] [DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-30220-6]
21. Planning Commission Government of India. Twelfth five year plan (2012-2017): Economic sectors. Vol. II. New Delh: SAGE Publications India; 2013. [Link]
22. Rayment M, Curtis H, Carne C, McClean H, Bell G, Estcourt C, et al. Members of the British society for sexual health and HIV national audit group, and the British HIV association audit and standards subcommittee. An effective strategy to diagnose HIV infection: Findings from a national audit of HIV partner notification outcomes in sexual health and infectious disease clinics in the UK. Sex Transm Infect. 2017; 93(2):94-9. [DOI:10.1136/sextrans-2015-052532] [PMID] [DOI:10.1136/sextrans-2015-052532]
23. Knapper CM, Roderick J, Smith J, Temple M, Birley HD. Investigation of an HIV transmission cluster centred in South Wales. Sex Transm Infect. 2008; 84(5):377-80. [DOI:10.1136/sti.2008.030536] [PMID] [DOI:10.1136/sti.2008.030536]
24. Mehmandoost S, Khezri M, Mousavian G, Tavakoli F, Mehrabi F, Sharifi H, et al. Prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus among incarcerated people in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health. 2022; 203:75-82. [DOI:10.1016/j.puhe.2021.11.020] [PMID] [DOI:10.1016/j.puhe.2021.11.020]
25. Edelman EJ, Gordon KS, Hogben M, Crystal S, Bryant K, Justice AC, et al. VACS project team. Sexual partner notification of HIV infection among a National United States-based sample of HIV-infected men. AIDS Behav. 2014; 18(10):1898-903. [DOI:10.1007/s10461-014-0799-7] [PMID] [PMCID] [DOI:10.1007/s10461-014-0799-7]
26. Dalle Nogare F, Di Lorenzo F, Sanfilippo A, Dalle Nogare ER, Arena N, Prestileo T. Contact tracing e partner notification in una coorte di pazienti con infezione da HIV. Uno studio prospettico condotto a Palermo nel 2012 [Contact tracing and partner notification among a cohort of HIV-1 infected patients. A prospective study carried out in Palermo in 2012]. Recenti Prog Med. 2014; 105(9):327-32. [DOI:10.1701/1606.17518] [PMID]
27. Brown BJ, Oladokun RE, Osinusi K, Ochigbo S, Adewole IF, Kanki P. Disclosure of HIV status to infected children in a Nigerian HIV care programme. AIDS Care. 2011; 23(9):1053-8. [DOI:10.1080/09540121.2011.554523] [PMID] [DOI:10.1080/09540121.2011.554523]
28. Rodríguez-Méndez ML, González-Quintela A, Aguilera A, Barrio E. Prevalence, patterns, and course of past hepatitis B virus infection in intravenous drug users with HIV-1 infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000; 95(5):1316-22. [DOI:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.01981.x] [PMID] [DOI:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.01981.x]
29. Scharschmidt BF, Held MJ, Hollander HH, Read AE, Lavine JE, Veereman G, et al. Hepatitis B in patients with HIV infection: Relationship to AIDS and patient survival. Ann Intern Med. 1992; 117(10):837-8. [DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-117-10-837] [PMID] [DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-117-10-837]
30. Hoffmann CJ, Thio CL. Clinical implications of HIV and hepatitis B co-infection in Asia and Africa. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007; 7(6):402-9. [DOI:10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70135-4] [PMID] [DOI:10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70135-4]
31. Uneke CJ, Ogbu O, Inyama PU, Anyanwu GI, Njoku MO, Idoko JH. Prevalence of hepatitis-B surface antigen among blood donors and human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in Jos, Nigeria. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2005; 100(1):13-6. [DOI:10.1590/s0074-02762005000100002] [PMID] [DOI:10.1590/S0074-02762005000100002]
32. Soriano V, Vispo E, Labarga P, Medrano J, Barreiro P. Viral hepatitis and HIV co-infection. Antiviral Res. 2010; 85(1):303-15. [DOI:10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.10.021] [PMID] [DOI:10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.10.021]
33. Raviglione MC, Snider DE Jr, Kochi A. Global epidemiology of tuberculosis. Morbidity and mortality of a worldwide epidemic. JAMA. 1995; 273(3):220-6. [PMID] [DOI:10.1001/jama.273.3.220]
34. Mann J, Tarantola DJM. AIDS in the world II: Global dimensions, social roots, and responses. New York: Oxford University Press; 1996. [DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-126-5-199703010-00026] [DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-126-5-199703010-00026]
35. Tesfaye B, Alebel A, Gebrie A, Zegeye A, Tesema C, Kassie B. The twin epidemics: Prevalence of TB/HIV co-infection and its associated factors in Ethiopia; A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2018; 13(10):e0203986. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0203986] [PMID] [PMCID] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0203986]
36. World Health Organization. Guide to monitoring and evaluation for collaborative TB/HIV activities: 2015 revision. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015. [Link]
37. Meidani M, Rezaei F, Maracy MR, Avijgan M, Tayeri K. Prevalence, severity, and related factors of anemia in HIV/AIDS patients. J Res Med Sci. 2012; 17(2):138-42. [PMID] [PMCID]
38. Jam S, Ramezani A, Sabzvari D, Moradmand-Badie B, Seyedalinaghi S, Jabbari H, et al. A cross-sectional study of anemia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in Iran. Arch Iran Med. 2009; 12(2):145-50. [PMID] [DOI:10.1016/j.ijid.2008.05.1344]
39. Zhou Y, Zhang L, Li X, Kaljee L. Do Chinese parents with HIV tell their children the truth? A qualitative preliminary study of parental HIV disclosure in China. Child Care Health Dev. 2013; 39(6):816-24. [DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2012.01394.x] [PMID] [DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2012.01394.x]
40. Corsi DJ, Neuman M, Finlay JE, Subramanian SV. Demographic and health surveys: A profile. Int J Epidemiol. 2012; 41(6):1602-13. [DOI:10.1093/ije/dys184] [PMID] [DOI:10.1093/ije/dys184]
41. Mishra RK, Ganju D, Ramesh S, Lalmuanpuii M, Biangtung L, Humtsoe C, et al. HIV risk behaviors of male injecting drug users and associated non-condom use with regular female sexual partners in north-east India. Harm Reduct J. 2014; 11:5. [DOI:10.1186/1477-7517-11-5] [PMID] [PMCID] [DOI:10.1186/1477-7517-11-5]
42. Bharat S, Mahapatra B, Roy S, Saggurti N. Are female sex workers able to negotiate condom use with male clients? The case of mobile FSWs in four high HIV prevalence states of India. PLoS One. 2013; 8(6):e68043. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0068043] [PMID] [PMCID] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0068043]
43. Mohseni-Zadeh M, Rey D, Batard ML, Beck Wirth G, Partisani ML, Lang JM, et al. [Insuffisance de couverture vaccinale d'une cohorte française de patients séropositifs VIH [Inadequate vaccination coverage in a French cohort of HIV positive patients] (French)]. Med Mal Infect. 2010; 40(12):683-90. [DOI:10.1016/j.medmal.2010.06.005] [PMID] [DOI:10.1016/j.medmal.2010.06.005]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
Owned by Qom University of Medical Sciences
Published by Qom University of Medical Sciences Press
eISSN: 2717-0357
Email: jvessels[at]muq.ac.ir
j.vessels.circul[at]gmail.com
